NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 All Subjects 2022-2023 Check Details and Download PDFs

Table of Content

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Hindi

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Accountancy

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Business Studies

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Economics

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 History

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Philosophy

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Psychology

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Sociology

 

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2022-2023 

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics 

 
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics (Theory Section)

Unit No.	Chapter Names	Important Topics	Marks Distribution
1	Electrostatics		15
	Electric Charges and Fields	Electric Charges Conservation of charge Coulomb's law-force between two point charges Electric field Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines Electric field due to a dipole, etc.
	Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance	Electric potential Potential difference Electric potential due to a point charge Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field, etc.
2	Current Electricity
	Current Electricity	Ohm's law Electrical resistance Electric current Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor Drift velocity Electrical resistivity and conductivity, colour code for carbon resistors Series and parallel combinations of resistors Temperature dependence of resistance,etc
3	Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism		16
	Moving Charges and Magnetism	Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment Biot - Savart law and its application Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields Cyclotron, etc.
	Magnetism and Matter	Current loop as a magnetic dipole Magnetic field lines Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements Magnetic field intensity Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, etc
4	Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
	Electromagnetic Induction	Electromagnetic induction Lenz's Law Eddy currents Self and mutual induction Faraday's laws Induced EMF and current, etc.
	Alternating Current	Alternating currents Peak and RMS value Power factor Wattless current LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only) LCR series circuit, etc
5	Electromagnetic Waves		17
	Electromagnetic Waves	Basic idea of displacement current Electromagnetic waves, etc
6	Optics
	Ray Optics and Optical Instruments	Power of a lens Refraction of light through a prism Reflection of light Spherical mirrors Mirror formula Refraction of light Total internal reflection and its applications, etc
	Wave Optics	Young's double slit experiment Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle Coherent sources and sustained interference of light Interference, etc.
7	Dual Nature of Matter		10
	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light, etc.
8	Atoms & Nuclei
	Atoms	Alpha-particles scattering experiment Bohr model Energy levels Hydrogen spectrum Rutherford's model of atom.
	Nuclei	Composition and size of nucleus Radioactivity Alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties Radioactive decay law, etc.
9	Electronic Devices		12
	Semiconductor Electronics	Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias diode as a rectifier Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only), etc.
10	Communication Systems
	Communication Systems
		Total	70

 

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics (Practical Section)

S. No.	Particulars	Marks
1	Two experiments one from each section	08+08
2	Practical record (experiments and activities)	06
3	Investigatory Project	03
4	Viva on experiments, activities and project	05
	Total	30

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12  Chemistry 

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry (Theory Section)

S.No.	Chapters	Important Topics	Marks Distribution
1	Solid State	General characteristics of solid states Amorphous and crystalline solids Classification of crystalline solids Molecular solids, etc.	23
2	Solutions	Types of solutions Expressing concentration of solutions Solubility, solubility of a gas in liquid, etc.
3	Electrochemistry	Electrochemical cells Galvanic cells Measurement of electrode potential Nernst equation, etc.
4	Chemical Kinetics	Rate of a chemical reaction Dependence of rate on concentration Rate expression and rate constant, etc.
5	Surface Chemistry	Adsorption Distinction between adsorption and absorption Types of adsorption etc
6	General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements	Occurence of metals Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore, Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy, etc.	19
7	The p-Block elements	Occurrence Electronic configuration Atomic and ionic radii IIonisation Enthalpy Electronegativity, etc.
8	The d- and f - Block Elements	Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals, etc.
9	Coordination Compounds	Werner’s theory of coordination compounds Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds, etc.
10	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Nature of C-X Bond Methods of preparation of haloalkanes, hydrocarbons, halogen exchange, etc.	28
	Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers	Alcohols— Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric alcohols, Phenols— Mono, Di and trihydric phenols etc
11	Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids	Nomenclature, structure of the carbonyl group Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones etc.
12	Amines	Structure of amines Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, etc
13	Biomolecules	Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Preparation of Glucose, structure of glucose Cyclic Structure of Glucose, etc.
14	Polymers	Classification of Polymers Types of polymerization reactions Mechanism of polymerisation reaction, etc.
15	Chemistry in Everyday Life	Drugs and their classification Drug-target interaction Receptors as drug targets
	Total		70

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry (Practical Section)

 

NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths 

NCERT Syllabus For Class 12 Maths

Unit Name	Important Topics	Marks distribution
Relations and Functions	Relations and Functions Inverse Trigonometric Functions	08
Algebra	Matrices Determinants	10
Calculus	Continuity and Differentiability Applications of Derivatives Integrals Applications of the Integrals Differential Equations	35
Vectors and three-dimensional Geometry	Vectors Three-dimensional Geometry	14
Linear Programming	Optimization Different types of linear programming Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, etc.	05
Probability	Multiplications theorem on probability Conditional probability Independent events Total probability Baye’s theorem	08
	Total	80
	Internal Assessment	20
	Total	100

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology 

S.No.	Chapters	Important Topics	Marks Distribution
1	Reproduction in organisms	Modes of reproduction Reproduction; asexual reproduction - binary fission, etc.	14
2	Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	Flower structure Pollination - types Gencies and examples Embryo, pollen-pistil interaction Double fertilization, etc
3	Human Reproduction	Embryo development up to blastocyst formation Menstrual cycle Fertilisation, Male and Female reproductive systems Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis, etc.
4	Reproductive Health	Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Birth control - contraception and medical termination of pregnancy Need and methods, etc.
5	Principles of Inheritance And Variation	Chromosome theory of inheritance Linkage and crossing over Sex-linked inheritance Mendelian disorders in humans Multiple alleles and inheritance, pleiotropy, etc.	18
6	Molecular Basis of Inheritance	Central dogma Transcription Structure of DNA and RNA DNA packaging; DNA replication, etc.	19
7	Evolution	Darwin's contribution Origin of life Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution, etc.
8	Human Health and Disease	Pathogens Parasites causing human diseases and their control Chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, etc.	14
9	Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production	Improvement in food production: Plant breeding Biofortification Apiculture Tissue culture Single cell protein, etc.
10	Microbes in Human Welfare	Energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers, In household food processing, Industrial production Sewage treatment, etc.
	Biotechnology: Principles and Processes	Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).	10
11	Biotechnology and its Applications	Stem cell technology Gene therapy genetically modified organisms Application of biotechnology,etc.
12	Organisms And Population	Population and ecological adaptations Population interactions Habitat and niche, competition, predation, parasitism, etc.	14
13	Ecosystem	Ecosystems Energy flow Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession, etc.
14	Biodiversity and Conservation	Biodiversity conservation Extinction Biodiversity-Concept Patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity, etc.
15	Environmental Issues	Agrochemicals and their effectS Solid waste management Greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation Ozone layer depletion, etc.
	Total		70

S No.	Practical	Marks distribution
1	One Major Experiment	05
2	One Minor Experiment	04
3	Slide Preparation	05
4	Spotting	07
5	Practical Record/Project record + Viva Voce
	Total	30

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English 

 
Flamingo – Prose

Lesson 1: The Last Lesson (Alphonse Daudet)

Lesson2: Lost Spring (Anees Jung)

Lesson3: Deep Water (William Douglas)

Lesson 4: The Rattrap (Selma Lagerlof)

Lesson 5: Indigo (Louis Fischer)

Lesson 6: Poets and Pancakes

Lesson 7: The Interview

Lesson 8: Going Places (A. R. Barton)

Flamingo – Poetry

Poem 1: My Mother at Sixty – Six (Kamala Das)

Poem 2: An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Stephen Spender)

Poem 3: Keeping Quiet (Pablo Neruda)

Poem 4: A Thing of Beauty (John Keats)

Poem 5: A Roadside Stand

Poem 6: Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers (Adrienne Rich)

Vistas – Supplementary Reader

Chapter 1: The Third Level (Jack Finney)

Chapter 2. The Tiger King (Kalki)

Chapter 3. Journey to the end of the Earth (Tishani Doshi)

Chapter 4. The Enemy Pearl (S. Buck)

Chapter 5. Should Wizard hit Mommy (John Updike)

Chapter 6. On the face of It (Susan Hill)

Chapter 7. Evans Tries an O-level (Colin Dexter)

Chapter 8. Memories of Childhood (Zitkala-Sa & Bama)

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Hindi 

Book Name	Chapter Names
Antra Bhaag 2	Chapter 1: जयशंकर प्रसाद
	Chapter 2: सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला
	Chapter 3: सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्सयायन अज्ञेय
	Chapter 4:केदारनाथ सिंह
	Chapter 5: विष्णु खरे
	Chapter 6: रघुबीर सहाय
	Chapter 7: तुलसीदास
	Chapter 8: मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी
	Chapter 9: विद्यापति
	Chapter 10: केशवदास
	Chapter 11: घनानंद
	Chapter 12: रामचंद्र शुक्ल
	Chapter 13: पंडित चंद्रधर शर्मा गुलेरी
	Chapter 14: ब्रजमोहन व्यास
	Chapter 15: फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु
	Chapter 16: भीष्म साहनी
	Chapter 17: असगर वजाहत
	Chapter 18: निर्मल वर्मा
	Chapter 19: रामविलास शर्मा
	Chapter 20: ममता कालिया
	Chapter 21: हज़ारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी
Aroh Bhaag 2	Chapter 1: हरिवंश राय बच्चन
	Chapter 2: आलोक धन्वा
	Chapter 3: कुंवर नारायण
	Chapter 4: रघुवीर सहाय
	Chapter 5: गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध
	Chapter 6: शमशेर बहादुर सिंह
	Chapter 7: सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला
	Chapter 8: तुलसीदास
	Chapter 9: फ़िराक गोरखपुरी
	Chapter 10: उमाशंकर जोशी
	Chapter 11: महादेवी वर्मा
	Chapter 12: जैनेन्द्र कुमार
	Chapter 13: धर्मवीर भारती
	Chapter 14: फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु
	Chapter 15: विष्णु खरे
	Chapter 16: रज़िया सज्जाद जहीर
	Chapter 17; हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी
	Chapter 18: बाबा साहेब भीमराव अंबेडकर
Vitaan Bhag 2	Chapter 1: सिल्वर वैडिंग
	Chapter 2: जूझ
	Chapter 3: अतीत में दबे पाँव
	Chapter 4: डायरी के पन्ने
Antral Bhaag 2	Chapter 1; सूरदास की झोपडी
	Chapter 2: आरोहण
	Chapter 3: बिस्कोहर की माटी
	Chapter 4: अपना मालवा- खाऊ- उजाड़ू

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Accountancy 

Part	Chapter Name
Part A: Accounting for partnership firms	Chapter 1: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation
	Chapter 2: Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
	Chapter 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
	Chapter 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – 172 Retirement/Death of a Partner
	Chapter 5: Dissolution of Partnership Firm
Part B: Financial Statement Analysis	Chapter 1: Accounting for Share Capital
	Chapter 2: Issue and Redemption of Debentures
	Chapter 3: Financial Statements of a Company
	Chapter 4: Analysis of Financial Statement
	Chapter 5: Accounting Ratios
	Chapter 6: Cash Flow Statement

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Business Studies 

Part	Chapter Name
Part A: Principles and Functions of Management	Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management
	Chapter 2: Principles of Management
	Chapter 3: Business Environment
	Chapter 4: Planning
	Chapter 5: Organising
	Chapter 6: Staffing
	Chapter 7: Directing
	Chapter 8: Controlling
Part B: Business Finance and Marketing	Chapter 9: Financial Management
	Chapter 10: Financial Markets
	Chapter 11: Marketing
	Chapter 12: Consumer protection

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Economics 

Part	Chapter Name
Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics	Chapter 1: Introduction
	Chapter 2: National Income Accounting
	Chapter 3: Money and Banking
	Chapter 4: Determination of Income and Employment
	Chapter 5: Government Budget and Economy
	Chapter 6: Open Economy Macroeconomics
Part B: Indian Economic Development	Chapter 1: Indian Economy On The Eve Of Independence
	Chapter 2: Indian Economy 1950-1990
	Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation
	Chapter 4: Poverty
	Chapter 5:  Human Capital Formation In India
	Chapter 6: Rural Development
	Chapter 7: Employment: Growth Informalisation & Other Issues
	Chapter 8: Infrastructure
	Chapter 9: Environment & Sustainable Development
	Chapter 10; Comparative Development Experiences of India & Its Neighbours

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 History 

History is a theoretical and important subject in Class 12. It teaches us about past events, inspires our present, and motivates us to carve a better future. The NCERT syllabus for Class 12 History 2022-2023 is divided into three parts. You can have a look at the curriculum from the table given below. 

Part	Unit	Topics covered
PART  I	BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES: The Harappan Civilization:	Broad overview: Early urb an centers Story of discovery: Harappan civilization Excerpt: Archaeological report on a major site Discussion: How it has been utilized by archaeologists/ historians
	KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS: Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)	Broad overview: Political and economic History from the Mauryan to the Gupta period Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the Decipherment of the script. Shifts in the Understanding of political and economic history. Excerpt: Ashokan inscription and Gupta period land grant Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians.
	KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS: Early Society Societies (C. 600 BCE-600 CE)	Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata Issues in social history, inclu ding caste, class, kinship and gender Story of discovery: Transmission and publications of the Mahabharata Excerpt: from the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians. Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history.
	THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDINGS: Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE)	Broad overview: A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa. A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism (Puranic Hinduism) Focus on Buddhism. Story of discovery: Sanchi stupa. Excerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi. Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism.
PART-II	THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS: Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)	Broad Overview: Outlines of social and cultural life as they appear in traveller’s account. Story of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, what they wrote and for whom they wrote. Excerpts: from Al Biruni, Ibn Battuta, Francois Bernier. Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians.
	BHAKTI –SUFI TRADITIONS: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth centuries)	Broad overview: Outline of religious developments during this period saints. Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-Sufi Story of  Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved. Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti-Sufi works. Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.
	AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL: VIJAYANAGARA (c. fourteenth to sixteenth centuries)	Broad Over View: New Architecture: Hampi Outline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period-temples, forts, irrigation facilities. Relationship between architecture and the political system Story of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found. Excerpt: Visuals of buildings at Hampi Discussion: Ways in which historians have analyzed and interpreted these structures.
	PEASANTS, ZAMINDARS AND THE STATE: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)	Broad overview: The Aini-Akbari Structure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries. Patterns of change over the period. Story of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain I Akbari Excerpt: from the Ain-iAkbari. Discussion: Ways in which historians have used texts to reconstruct history.
PART-III	COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: Exploring Official Archives	Broad overview: Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence from Official Reports Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18thcentury Permanent Settlement, Santhals and Paharias Story of official records: An account of why official Investigations into rural societies were undertaken and the types of records and reports produced. Excerpts: From Fifth Report Discussion: What the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians.
	REBELS AND THE RAJ: 1857 Revolt and its Representations	Broad overview: The events of 1857-58. Vision of Unity How these events were recorded and narrated. Focus: Lucknow Excerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts. Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened.
	MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT: Civil Disobedience and Beyond	Broad overview: The Nationalist Movement 1918 -48. The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership. Focus: Mahatma Gandhi and the three movements and his last days as “finest hours” Excerpts: Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings. Discussion: How newspapers can be a source of history
	FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION: The Beginning of a New Era	Broad overview: The Making of the Constitution an overview: Independence and then new nation state. The making of the Constitution Focus: The Constituent Assembly Debates Excerpts: from the debates Discussion: What such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed.

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography 

Geography deals with the study of Earth's surface and the interaction between humans and their environment. The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography is divided into two parts, namely, Fundamentals of Human Geography and India: People and Economy. The course content is given below in the table. Candidates can have an overlook. 

Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography

Unit	Unit Name	Topics covered
Unit 1	Human Geography	Nature and Scope
Unit 2	People	The World Population- distribution, density and growth Population change – Components of population change, Demographic Transition Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons
Unit 3	Human Activities	Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries Secondary activities- concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities Quaternary activities- concept; people engaged in quaternary activities – case study from selected countries
Unit 4	Transport, Communication and Trade	Land transport – roads, railways; transcontinental railways  Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes Air transport- Intercontinental air routes Oil and gas pipelines Satellite communication and cyber space importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; role of WTO in international trade

 

Unit	Unit Name	Topics covered
Unit 6	People  Population: distribution, density and growth	Composition of population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population
Unit 7	Human Settlements	Rural settlements – types and distribution Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification
Unit 8	Resources and Development	Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problems Water resources-availability and utilization irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed management Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation Planning in India- target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study)
Unit 9	Transport, Communication and International Trade	Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication net works International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports
Unit 10	Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems	Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums Land degradation

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science 

Class 12 Political Science Syllabus is categorized into two parts. The names of these sections are Contemporary World Politics and Politics in India since independence. The course content in these parts is explained with the help of a table given below. 

Part A: Contemporary World Politics

Unit	Unit/ Chapter Name	Topics covered
Unit 1	The End of Bipolarity	Disintegration of Soviet Union, Unipolar World, Middle East Crisis - Afghanistan, Gulf War, Democratic Politics and Democratization - CIS and the 21st Century (Arab Spring).
Unit 2	New Centres of Power	Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS. Nations: Russia, China, Israel, India, Japan and South Korea.
Unit 3	Contemporary South Asia	Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives.
Unit 4	United Nations and its Organizations	Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO, Security Council and the Need for its Expansion.
Unit 5	Security in Contemporary World	Security: Meaning and Types; Terrorism.
Unit 6	Environment and Natural Resources	Environmental Movements, Global Warming and Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources.
Unit 7	Globalization	Globalization: Meaning, Manifestations and Debates.

Part B: Politics in India Since Independence

Unit	Unit/ Chapter Name	Topics covered
Unit 1	Challenges of Nation-Building	Nation and Nation Building. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration of States. Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of 'refugee' Resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Political conflicts over language. Linguistic Organisation of States.
Unit 2	Planned Development	Changing nature of India’s Economic Development Planning Commission and Five Year Plans, National Development Council, NITI Aayog.
Unit 3	India's Foreign Policy	Principles of Foreign Policy; India’s Changing Relations with Other Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel; India’s Relations with its Neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; India’s Nuclear Programme.
Unit 4	Parties and the Party Systems in India	One Party Dominance, Bi-Party System, Multi-Party Coalition System.
Unit 5	Democratic Resurgence	Jaya Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Ram Manohar Lohia and Socialism, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism, National Emergency, Democratic Upsurges - Participation of the Adults, Backwards and Youth.
Unit 6	Regional Aspirations	Rise of regional parties. Punjab Crisis. The Kashmir Issue, Movements for Autonomy.
Unit 7	Indian Politics: Recent Trends and Developments	Era of Coalitions, National Front, United Front, United Progressive Alliance (UPA) - I & II, National Democratic Alliance (NDA) I, II, III & IV, Issues of Development and Governance.

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Philosophy

There are two units in Class 12 Philosophy syllabus, including Ethics (Moral Philosophy) and Theory of Reality (MetaPhysics). These are further divided into certain topics. The details are as follows-

Unit No.	Unit Name	Topics covered
1	Ethics (Moral Philosophy)	Western Ethical Theories Indian Ethics Ethical Concerns
2	Theory of Reality (MetaPhysics)	Proofs for the existence of God Descartes on Mind-body dualism Nyaya Proofs for the existence of God The Bhagawada gita on the immortality on the soul and rebirth Jaina view on Anekantavada Syadvada

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Psychology

There are seven units in Class 12 Philosophy syllabus, including Variations in Psychological Attributes, Self and Personality, Meeting Life Challenges, Psychological Disorders, Therapeutic Approaches, Attitude and Social Cognition, Social Influence and Group Processes. These are further divided into certain topics. The details are as follows-

Unit No.	Unit Name	Topics covered
1	Variations in Psychological Attributes	Introduction Individual Differences in Human Functioning Assessment of Psychological Attributes Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Individual Differences in Intelligence Culture and Intelligence Emotional Intelligence Special Abilities Creativity
2	Self and Personality	Introduction Self and Personality Concept of Self Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self5. Culture and Self Concept of Personality Major Approaches to the Study of Personality Assessment of Personality
3	Meeting Life Challenges	Introduction Nature, Types and Sources of Stress Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health Coping with Stress Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
4	Psychological Disorders	Introduction Concepts of abnormality and psychological Disorders Classification of Psychological Disorders Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour Major Psychological Disorders
5	Therapeutic Approaches	Nature and process of psychotherapy Types of Therapies
6	Attitude and Social Cognition	Introduction Explaining Social Behaviour Nature and Components of Attitudes Attitude Formation and Change
7	Social Influence and Group Processes	Introduction Nature and Formation of Groups Type of Groups Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour

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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Sociology

There are 2 parts in Class 12 Sociology syllabus, including Indian Society and Change and Development in India. These are further divided into 15 units. The details are as follows-

Parts	Unit Names
Part A: Indian Society	Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society
	Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
	Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
	Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
	Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
	Unit 7: Suggestions for Project Work
Part B: Change and Developement in India	Unit 8: Structural Change
	Unit 9: Cultural Change
	Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society
	Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society
	Unit 15: Social Movements

Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Sociology. Click here

• Go to the official website, ncert.nic.in.
• Go to the segment of ‘Links’, and select the choice of ‘Syllabus of Classes I-XII.’
• A new page will appear, click on ‘Click Here for download of Syllabus at Secondary and Higher Secondary Level.
• Download the NCERT Class 12 syllabus for the subjects you want or all of them. You may get a PDF file.