NCERT Class 12 Books Chemistry Unit 10- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

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The Chapter Goes Like This-

Objectives

After studying this Unit, you will be able to

• Name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures
• Describe the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they undergo
• Correlate the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions
• Use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism
• Appreciate the applications of organo-metallic compounds
• Highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds

 The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl
halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain
halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. Many halogen containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in dayto- day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds. Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Our body produces iodine containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goiter. Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine is used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery. Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery. 

In this Unit, you will study the important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of organohalogen compounds. 

Classification

Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:

On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms

These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc.) compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures. For example, 
Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as discussed below. 

Compounds Containing sp3 C—X Bond (X= F, Cl, Br, I) 

This class includes

(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)

In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R). They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X. They are further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the nature of carbon to which halogen is attached. If halogen is attached to a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide. Similarly, if halogen is attached to secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively.  (b) Allylic halides 

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon. 
(c) Benzylic halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring. 
Compounds Containing sp2 C—X Bond 

This class includes:

(a) Vinylic halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C = C). 
b) Aryl halides

These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is directly bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring. 
You can download the complete book from the link given below. 

NCERT Class 12 Books Chemistry Unit 10- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes- PDF Download

Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

अध्याय 10: हैलोएल्केन तथा हैलोएरीन Safalta provides the latest NCERT course books for all the major subjects of Class 12. A team of proficient teachers drafts these matters in a precise and thorough manner. You can download the PDFs for all the subjects in a chapter-wise format.

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